Course Content
Advanced Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Course Overview: The Advanced CPR course provides in-depth training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques beyond basic life support. It equips participants with the skills to respond effectively to cardiac and respiratory emergencies, emphasizing advanced procedures, decision-making under pressure, and the use of medical devices such as automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Designed for healthcare professionals, first responders, and individuals in high-stakes environments, this course ensures that participants gain the confidence and expertise to perform lifesaving techniques with precision. *LEARNING OBJECTIVES* • Understand the fundamental differences in CPR techniques for adults, children, and infants. • Comprehend the physiology behind cardiac arrest and respiratory emergencies. • Develop expertise in advanced chest compression, ventilation, and airway maintenance techniques. • Identify the key factors affecting CPR success rates. *CPR TECHNIQUES FOR ADULTS , CHILDREN , AND INFANTS* Adult CPR Techniques For adults, CPR is performed using a combination of chest compressions and, when possible, rescue breaths to keep oxygenated blood circulating to the brain and other vital organs until professional help arrives. Techniques include: *Chest Compressions*: Delivered at a depth of at least 2 inches at 100–120 compressions per minute. *Hand Positioning* Two hands are placed one over the other in the center of the chest, aligned with the sternum. *Rescue Breaths (if trained)* Rescue breaths follow every 30 compressions. The rescuer pinches the nose, tilts the head, and delivers two breaths into the person’s mouth, ensuring a visible chest rise. *CHILD CPR TECHNIQUES* CPR for children requires modifications to account for their smaller body size and fragility: Compression Depth: Compress the chest to about one-third the depth of the chest, or roughly 2 inches. *Hand Positioning* For younger children, use one hand to compress the chest; for older children, two hands may be used. Compression Rate: Maintain a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute. *Rescue Breaths*: Give two breaths after every 30 compressions. *INFANT CPR TECHNIQUES* Infants under one year of age require highly gentle and controlled CPR methods: *Compression Depth* Approximately 1.5 inches, or one-third of the chest depth. Finger Positioning: Use two fingers at the center of the chest, just below the nipple line. *Compression Rate* Maintain 100–120 compressions per minute. *Rescue Breaths* Administer two gentle breaths after every 30 compressions, ensuring only a slight chest rise.
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PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIC ARREST AND RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
ADVANCE TECHNIQUES FOR CHEST COMPRESSION , VENTILATION , AND MAINTAINING OPEN AIRWAY
AIRWAY MANAGEMENT AND VENTILATION SUPPORT
OXYGEN DELIVERY IN VENTILATION
When oxygen supply is available, it can be attached to the BVM or other devices: *Oxygen Concentration* Supplemental oxygen can deliver nearly 100% oxygen to the patient, improving outcomes in respiratory emergencies. *Oxygen Flow Rate*: Set the oxygen flow rate to 10-15 liters per minute depending on the device and patient's needs. *ADDRESSING AIRWAY OBSTRUCTIONRECOGNIZING AND CLEARING AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION* Airway obstructions can quickly become life-threatening, making prompt action essential: *Types of Obstructions*: Common obstructions include foreign objects, fluids (vomit, blood), and soft tissue (tongue). *Abdominal Thrusts (Heimlich Maneuver)* For conscious adults and children with a foreign body obstruction, abdominal thrusts are performed by standing behind the patient, wrapping your arms around their waist, and thrusting inward and upward. *Back Blows and Chest Thrusts (Infants)* To remove obstructions in infants under one year old, alternate between back blows and chest thrusts. Using Suction Devices Suctioning can be necessary when obstructions like vomit or blood block the airway. Key techniques include: *Manual vs. Mechanical Suction* Mechanical suction devices provide more vigorous and more sustained suction than manual devices, typically used in field settings. *Suction Technique* Insert the suction catheter carefully to avoid stimulating the gag reflex, then suction for no more than 10 seconds in adults (5 seconds in children and infants) to avoid hypoxia. *MASTERY IN VENTILATION SUPPORT DURING EMERGENCY* *Combining Chest Compressions with Ventilation* Effective CPR requires the coordination of chest compressions with ventilation: *Compression-Ventilation Ratios* For adult single-rescuer CPR, the ratio is 30:2 (30 compressions to 2 breaths). Continuous compressions are delivered in a two-rescuer scenario with an advanced airway in place, with one breath every 6 seconds. *Avoiding Hyperventilation* Excessive ventilation can decrease blood flow during CPR. Ensuring controlled ventilation avoids compromising cardiac output. *VENTILATION IN SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES* Advanced airway support in specific scenarios requires adjustments: *Drowning Victims* Prioritize ventilation in drowning cases, as hypoxia is the primary cause of cardiac arrest in such situations. Initiate rescue breaths before compressions. *Overdoses* In cases of suspected opioid overdose, naloxone can reverse respiratory depression, facilitating more effective ventilation.
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DEFIBRILLATION AND AED USE
RECOGNIZING SHOCKABLE AND NON-SHOCKABLE RHYTHMS
SAFETY PRECAUTION IN AED USE
EAM -BASED CPR AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN CPR TEAM
Closed-Loop Communication: Closed-loop communication is a vital technique for ensuring that commands and information are clearly understood: *Command Issuance* The team leader addresses instructions directly by addressing a team member (e.g., “John, start chest compressions”). Acknowledgement: The designated team member acknowledges the command (e.g., “Starting chest compressions”). *Feedback*: The team leader confirms the action has been completed correctly, closing the communication loop. *Standardized Language and Clear Communication* Using simple, standardized language helps prevent miscommunication. Critical terms and phrases, such as “clear” before defibrillation, “rotate compressors,” or “check pulse,” should be universally understood among all team members. Effective communication ensures a smoother, more organized approach in a high-pressure environment. *Verbal Updates and Monitoring* Regular patient condition updates allow the team to adjust strategies as needed. For example, the airway manager may report changes in the patient's respiratory status, prompting adjustments to ventilation or compression techniques.
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PRACTICAL TEAM SIMULATION AND COORDINATION EXERCISES
PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS AND MANAGING STRESS
CPR IN SPECIAL SITUATION AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
ETHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CPR
The End
Advanced Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
About Lesson

Overview

In this module, learners are introduced to the complexities of performing CPR in unique or challenging situations, such as trauma, drowning, and electrical shock incidents. Additionally, this module addresses the ethical considerations and legal responsibilities of providing CPR, including the importance of understanding consent, handling bystander interactions, and navigating cultural sensitivities. By the end of this module, participants will have the skills to adapt CPR to unique scenarios and a strong understanding of the ethical framework that guides life-saving interventions.

 

*Adapting CPR Techniques for Special Situations*

 

*CPR for Drowning Victims*

 

CPR for drowning victims requires specific adaptations:

 

*Rescue Breathing Priority* Drowning victims typically suffer from hypoxia (lack of oxygen) before cardiac arrest. As a result, the priority is to begin with two rescue breaths before chest compressions.

 

*Continuous Ventilation*: Effective ventilation is critical, as respiratory failure is the primary cause of cardiac arrest in drowning. Continuous ventilation at regular intervals (1 breath every 6 seconds) is emphasized.

 

*Hypothermia Considerations* Drowning often occurs in cold water, which can lead to hypothermia. In hypothermic conditions, prolonged CPR may be necessary, as hypothermia can preserve brain function even after extended cardiac arrest.

 

        *CPR for Trauma Victims*

 

Trauma cases, such as those resulting from accidents, can introduce unique challenges:

 

*Spinal Precautions*: When performing CPR on trauma victims, rescuers must be cautious to protect the cervical spine. In situations where spinal injury is suspected, the airway should be managed with minimal head tilt.

Control of Hemorrhage: In trauma, severe blood loss can complicate resuscitation. CPR may be combined with techniques to control bleeding, such as direct pressure, and if possible, placing the victim in a recovery position once stabilized.

 

*Special Compression Adjustments*: If injuries are present in the chest area, modified compression techniques may be necessary to avoid exacerbating internal injuries.

 

*Electric Shock and Electrocution*

 

Electric shock incidents present specific risks:

 

*Safety First*: Ensure the electrical source is disconnected before approaching the victim, as rescuers can also be injured.

Enhanced AED Caution: Some electrocution victims may require prolonged CPR before an AED analysis detects a shockable rhythm. AED pads should be applied as directed, ensuring they adhere well, especially if the skin is burned. 

 

*Comprehensive Assessment* Electric shock can cause arrhythmias and internal injuries, necessitating careful monitoring and potentially prolonged resuscitation

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